The Colorado River provides essential water to Arizona, supplying the Phoenix metropolitan area and supporting agriculture, electricity generation, and municipal drinking water systems across the state.
Seven western states are currently negotiating how to manage reduced water supplies from the Colorado River. The federal government may ultimately decide how water is allocated among the states if no agreement is reached. Arizona water officials believe the state may have better prospects for favorable treatment under the Trump administration compared to the previous Biden administration.
However, water cuts remain unavoidable regardless of political leadership.
Governor Katie Hobbs has emphasized that solving the water crisis requires collaboration from all stakeholders. The Colorado River system serves seven states, 30 tribal nations, 40 million people, and irrigates 5 million acres of farmland.
The states face a summer 2025 deadline to develop a comprehensive water management plan. Hobbs has called for federal pressure on Upper Basin states, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, which have historically used less than their full water allocations.
The four Upper Basin states have never used their complete water allocations, while the three Lower Basin states, Arizona, Nevada, and California, depend on water stored in Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Upper Basin states argue that water reduction responsibilities should fall primarily on Lower Basin states.
Arizona officials consider it unfair for their state to bear the most severe cuts alone.
Arizona has already implemented water reductions. The state has avoided more serious shortages largely because tribal nations agreed to leave portions of their water allocations in storage rather than using them.
According to state water director Tom Buschatzke, these conservation measures over the past 20 years have kept Lake Mead's water level about 100 feet higher than it would have been otherwise. The reservoir currently sits at approximately 1,059 feet above sea level. Without conservation efforts, it would be near 959 feet, dangerously close to "dead pool" levels.
Dead pool occurs when reservoir levels drop so low that no water can be released downstream and the Hoover Dam cannot generate electricity. This critical threshold is 890 feet above sea level.
While specific details remain unclear, Arizona's agricultural sector will likely face water restrictions. Farming operations typically receive scrutiny during water shortages because agriculture consumes large quantities of water.
The Trump administration has not yet nominated a director for the Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency responsible for water management in the western United States. This position plays a crucial role in interstate water negotiations.
Recent federal workforce reductions through the Department of Government Efficiency have eliminated approximately 25% of the Bureau of Reclamation's staff. Arizona Senator Ruben Gallego and other western state senators have requested the federal government reconsider these cuts.
Any new Bureau director will require Senate confirmation, a process that could take several months.
Democratic Representative Greg Stanton criticized the Biden administration for failing to apply sufficient pressure on states to reach agreements. He warned that federal intervention without state consensus could lead to lengthy legal battles, arguing that negotiated solutions work better than imposed mandates or litigation.
Arizona lawmakers from both parties have engaged with federal officials about the water situation. Republican Senate President Warren Petersen has met with Trump administration officials to emphasize Arizona's importance for national technology security and food production.
